ls(1)
NAME
ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).
Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuSUX nor --sort.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.
-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..
--author
with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape
print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE
use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups
do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
file status information) with -l: show ctime and sort by name
otherwise: sort by ctime
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN]
control whether color is used to distinguish file types. WHEN
may be `never', `always', or `auto'
-d, --directory
list directory entries instead of contents, and do not derefer-
ence symbolic links
-D, --dired
generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -lst
-F, --classify
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type
likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD
across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1,
verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time
like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
-G, --no-group
like -l, but do not list group
-h, --human-readable
with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link that points to a direc-
tory
--hide=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (overridden
by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD append indicator with style WORD to entry names:
none (default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify
(-F)
-i, --inode
with -l, print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k like --block-size=1K
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference
when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa-
tion for the file the link references rather than for the link
itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal
print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters spe-
cially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars
print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars
show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program is
`ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name
enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD
use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale, shell,
shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse
reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive
list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size
with -l, print size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD
extension -X, none -U, size -S, time -t, version -v, status -c,
time -t, atime -u, access -u, use -u
--time=WORD
with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time: atime,
access, use, ctime or status; use specified time as sort key if
--sort=time
--time-style=STYLE
with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso,
locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT
is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent files
and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-',
STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show access
time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v sort by version
-w, --width=COLS
assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1 list one file per line
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of fol-
lowing: kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T,
P, E, Z, Y.
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That is
equivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without the
optional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With
--color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is con-
nected to a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can
influence the colors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.
Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.
AUTHOR
Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.
REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the
terms of the GNU General Public License
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. There is NO WARRANTY, to the
extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If
the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the com-
mand
info ls
should give you access to the complete manual.
ls 5.93 November 2005 LS(1)
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