/usr/gnu/man2/cat.n/format.n.Z(/usr/gnu/man2/cat.n/format.n.Z)
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NAME
format - Format a string in the style of sprintf
SYNOPSIS
format formatString ?arg arg ...?
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INTRODUCTION
This command generates a formatted string in the same way as the ANSI C
sprintf procedure (it uses sprintf in its implementation). Format-
String indicates how to format the result, using % conversion speci-
fiers as in sprintf, and the additional arguments, if any, provide val-
ues to be substituted into the result. The return value from format is
the formatted string.
DETAILS ON FORMATTING
The command operates by scanning formatString from left to right. Each
character from the format string is appended to the result string
unless it is a percent sign. If the character is a % then it is not
copied to the result string. Instead, the characters following the %
character are treated as a conversion specifier. The conversion speci-
fier controls the conversion of the next successive arg to a particular
format and the result is appended to the result string in place of the
conversion specifier. If there are multiple conversion specifiers in
the format string, then each one controls the conversion of one addi-
tional arg. The format command must be given enough args to meet the
needs of all of the conversion specifiers in formatString.
Each conversion specifier may contain up to six different parts: an
XPG3 position specifier, a set of flags, a minimum field width, a pre-
cision, a length modifier, and a conversion character. Any of these
fields may be omitted except for the conversion character. The fields
that are present must appear in the order given above. The paragraphs
below discuss each of these fields in turn.
If the % is followed by a decimal number and a $, as in ``%2$d'', then
the value to convert is not taken from the next sequential argument.
Instead, it is taken from the argument indicated by the number, where 1
corresponds to the first arg. If the conversion specifier requires
multiple arguments because of * characters in the specifier then suc-
cessive arguments are used, starting with the argument given by the
number. This follows the XPG3 conventions for positional specifiers.
If there are any positional specifiers in formatString then all of the
specifiers must be positional.
The second portion of a conversion specifier may contain any of the
following flag characters, in any order:
- Specifies that the converted argument should be left-justi-
fied in its field (numbers are normally right-justified with
leading spaces if needed).
+ Specifies that a number should always be printed with a sign,
even if positive.
space Specifies that a space should be added to the beginning of
the number if the first character isn't a sign.
0 Specifies that the number should be padded on the left with
zeroes instead of spaces.
# Requests an alternate output form. For o and O conversions it
guarantees that the first digit is always 0. For x or X con-
versions, 0x or 0X (respectively) will be added to the begin-
ning of the result unless it is zero. For all floating-point
conversions (e, E, f, g, and G) it guarantees that the result
always has a decimal point. For g and G conversions it spec-
ifies that trailing zeroes should not be removed.
The third portion of a conversion specifier is a number giving a mini-
mum field width for this conversion. It is typically used to make col-
umns line up in tabular printouts. If the converted argument contains
fewer characters than the minimum field width then it will be padded so
that it is as wide as the minimum field width. Padding normally occurs
by adding extra spaces on the left of the converted argument, but the 0
and - flags may be used to specify padding with zeroes on the left or
with spaces on the right, respectively. If the minimum field width is
specified as * rather than a number, then the next argument to the for-
mat command determines the minimum field width; it must be a numeric
string.
The fourth portion of a conversion specifier is a precision, which con-
sists of a period followed by a number. The number is used in differ-
ent ways for different conversions. For e, E, and f conversions it
specifies the number of digits to appear to the right of the decimal
point. For g and G conversions it specifies the total number of digits
to appear, including those on both sides of the decimal point (however,
trailing zeroes after the decimal point will still be omitted unless
the # flag has been specified). For integer conversions, it specifies
a minimum number of digits to print (leading zeroes will be added if
necessary). For s conversions it specifies the maximum number of char-
acters to be printed; if the string is longer than this then the trail-
ing characters will be dropped. If the precision is specified with *
rather than a number then the next argument to the format command
determines the precision; it must be a numeric string.
The fifth part of a conversion specifier is a length modifier, which
must be h or l. If it is h it specifies that the numeric value should
be truncated to a 16-bit value before converting. This option is
rarely useful. If it is l it specifies that the numeric value should |
be (at least) a 64-bit value. If neither h nor l are present, numeric |
values are interpreted as being values of the width of the native |
machine word, as described by tcl_platform(wordSize).
The last thing in a conversion specifier is an alphabetic character
that determines what kind of conversion to perform. The following con-
version characters are currently supported:
d Convert integer to signed decimal string.
u Convert integer to unsigned decimal string.
i Convert integer to signed decimal string; the integer may
either be in decimal, in octal (with a leading 0) or in hexa-
decimal (with a leading 0x).
o Convert integer to unsigned octal string.
x or X Convert integer to unsigned hexadecimal string, using digits
``0123456789abcdef'' for x and ``0123456789ABCDEF'' for X). |
c ||
Convert integer to the Unicode character it represents.
s No conversion; just insert string.
f Convert floating-point number to signed decimal string of the
form xx.yyy, where the number of y's is determined by the
precision (default: 6). If the precision is 0 then no deci-
mal point is output.
e or e Convert floating-point number to scientific notation in the
form x.yyye+-zz, where the number of y's is determined by the
precision (default: 6). If the precision is 0 then no deci-
mal point is output. If the E form is used then E is printed
instead of e.
g or G If the exponent is less than -4 or greater than or equal to
the precision, then convert floating-point number as for %e
or %E. Otherwise convert as for %f. Trailing zeroes and a
trailing decimal point are omitted.
% No conversion: just insert %.
For the numerical conversions the argument being converted must be an
integer or floating-point string; format converts the argument to
binary and then converts it back to a string according to the conver-
sion specifier.
DIFFERENCES FROM ANSI SPRINTF
The behavior of the format command is the same as the ANSI C sprintf
procedure except for the following differences:
[1] %p and %n specifiers are not currently supported.
[2] For %c conversions the argument must be a decimal string, which
will then be converted to the corresponding character value.
[3] The l modifier is ignored for real values and on 64-bit plat- |
forms, which are always converted as if the l modifier were |
present (i.e. the types double and long are used for the inter- |
nal representation of real and integer values, respectively).
If the h modifier is specified then integer values are truncated
to short before conversion. Both h and l modifiers are ignored
on all other conversions.
EXAMPLES
Convert the output of time into seconds to an accuracy of hundredths of
a second:
set us [lindex [time $someTclCode] 0]
puts [format "%.2f seconds to execute" [expr {$us / 1e6}]]
Create a packed X11 literal color specification:
# Each color-component should be in range (0..255)
set color [format "#%02x%02x%02x" $r $g $b]
Use XPG3 format codes to allow reordering of fields (a technique that
is often used in localized message catalogs; see msgcat) without
reordering the data values passed to format:
set fmt1 "Today, %d shares in %s were bought at $%.2f each"
puts [format $fmt1 123 "Global BigCorp" 19.37]
set fmt2 "Bought %2\$s equity ($%3$.2f x %1\$d) today"
puts [format $fmt2 123 "Global BigCorp" 19.37]
Print a small table of powers of three:
# Set up the column widths
set w1 5
set w2 10
# Make a nice header (with separator) for the table first
set sep +-[string repeat - $w1]-+-[string repeat - $w2]-+
puts $sep
puts [format "| %-*s | %-*s |" $w1 "Index" $w2 "Power"]
puts $sep
# Print the contents of the table
set p 1
for {set i 0} {$i<=20} {incr i} {
puts [format "| %*d | %*ld |" $w1 $i $w2 $p]
set p [expr {wide($p) * 3}]
}
# Finish off by printing the separator again
puts $sep
SEE ALSO
scan(n), sprintf(3), string(n)
KEYWORDS
conversion specifier, format, sprintf, string, substitution
Tcl 8.1 format(n)
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