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This section describes the implementation-defined characteristics of the compiler library functions. It corresponds to section ``F.3.14 Library Functions'' in the ANSI document.
The macro NULL expands to the null pointer constant:
0
The assert function prints the diagnostic
"Assertion failed: <expression>, <filename>, <line number>"On termination, the assert function prints out a string of the form:
Assertion failed: <comparison operation>, file <source filename>, line <source line number>.
The sets of characters that the isalnum, isalpha, iscntrl, islower, isprint, and isupper functions test for are listed below in the section ``Locale-Specific Behavior''.
Domain errors occur when an input argument is outside the domain
over which the mathematical function is defined.
When inputs are
NaNs
or infinities,
all the mathematical functions may return various forms of
NaNs.
When inputs are not
NaNs
or infinities
the values returned by the mathematics functions on
the occurrence of domain errors are as presented in the
following table:
Math functions and domain errors
Function | Returns |
---|---|
pow() | -HUGE_VAL or -HUGE or 0.0 depending on input values. |
sqrt() | 0.0 |
asin() | 0.0 |
acos() | 0.0 |
fmod() | 0.0 |
atan2() | 0.0 |
| |
The value of EDOM is ``33''. |
On underflow range errors, the mathematics functions listed below set the integer expression errno to the value of the macro ERANGE:
The mathematics functions listed below will get range errors and set the integer expression errno to the value of the macro ERANGE only if the input argument is (±).
The fmod function computes the floating point remainder of x/y.
A domain error occurs and zero is returned when the
fmod function has a second argument of zero
(errno=EDOM).
The set of signals for the signal function are:
signal function messages
Signal | Number | Function |
---|---|---|
SIGHUP | 1 | hangup |
SIGINT | 2 | interrupt (rubout) |
SIGQUIT | 3 | quit (ASCII FS) |
SIGILL | 4 | illegal instruction (not reset when caught) |
SIGTRAP | 5 | trace trap (not reset when caught) |
SIGIOT | 6 | IOT instruction |
SIGABRT | 6 | used by abort, replace SIGIOT in the future |
SIGEMT | 7 | EMT instruction |
SIGFPE | 8 | floating point exception |
SIGKILL | 9 | kill (cannot be caught or ignored) |
SIGBUS | 10 | bus error |
SIGSEGV | 11 | segmentation violation |
SIGSYS | 12 | bad argument to system call |
SIGPIPE | 13 | write on a pipe with no one to read it |
SIGALRM | 14 | alarm clock |
SIGTERM | 15 | software termination signal from kill |
SIGUSR1 | 16 | user defined signal 1 |
SIGUSR2 | 17 | user defined signal 2 |
SIGCLD | 18 | death of a child |
SIGCHLD | 18 | death of a child |
SIGPWR | 19 | power-fail restart |
SIGWINCH | 20 | window change |
SIGPOLL | 22 | pollable event occurred |
SIGSTOP | 23 | sendable stop signal not from tty |
SIGTSTP | 24 | stop signal from tty |
SIGCONT | 25 | continue a stopped process |
SIGTTIN | 26 | to readers pgrp upon background tty read |
SIGTTOU | 27 | like TTIN for output if tp->t_local&TOSTOP |
SIGVTALRM | 28 | virtual timer alarm |
SIGPROF | 29 | profile alarm |
SIGXCPU | 30 | CPU time limit exceeded |
SIGXFSZ | 31 | File size limit exceeded |
The default handling for each signal recognized by the signal function is to not ignore these signals.
A program runs in a process which inherits its handling of signals from its parent process (such as the shell). If signals are set to SIG_IGN in the parent process, that remains the same. If the signals were set to be caught in the parent they are reset to SIG_DFL which may be to ignore the signal or terminate the program. The setting of SIG_DFL remains the same.
If the equivalent of "signal(sig, SIG_DFL);" is not executed prior to the call of a signal handler, signal blocking is performed. Signals are set to their default values just before program execution.
The default is not reset if the SIGILL signal is received by a handler specified to the signal function.
A text stream is an ordered sequence of characters composed into lines, each line consisting of zero of more characters plus a new-line character. The last line of a text stream does not require a terminating new-line character.
Space characters written out to a text stream immediately before a new-line character appear when read in.
A binary stream is an ordered sequence of characters that can transparently record internal data. An unlimited number of null characters may be appended to data written to a binary stream.
The file position indicator of an append mode stream is initially positioned at the end of the file.
Files are fully buffered or unbuffered depending on the setting of setbuf() and setvbuf(). The default buffer size is set by BUFSIZ in stdio.h.
A zero-length file, one on which no characters
have been written by an output stream, actually exists.
The rules for composing valid filenames are:
The same file can be simultaneously open multiple times.
The effect of the remove function on an open file is to make the file inaccessible to other programs or to users. The file remains accessible to the program, and other running programs that have already opened the file, through already open file descriptors, but not through new attempts to open a file with the same name. Once all open file descriptors are closed, the file will be irrevocably gone unless versioning is enabled.
If a file with the new name exists prior to a call to the rename function, rename will succeed, overwriting the existing file in the process.
The output for %p conversion in the fprintf function is a hex number. The value may be preceded by a ``0x'' prefix if %#p is used.
The input for %p conversion in the
fscanf function is a number of hex digits
interpreted as a pointer.
If %#p is used, ``0x'' is used as a prefix.
This option is identical to the %x conversion specifier.
A ``-'' character that is neither the first nor the last character in the scanlist for %[ conversion in the fscanf function is interpreted as a range indicator as long as the character to the left is less than the character to the right of the ``-''. The following example selects all upper-case ASCII characters from ``A'' to ``Z'' inclusive:
%[A-Z]
The errno is set to EBADF or ESPIPE by the fgetpos or ftell function on failure. EINVAL may be generated by the lseek() system call (ftell() and fgetpos() call lseek()).
The messages generated by the perror function look like:
<some user message>: <error message>The error message is selected, from the list shown below under strerror, depending on the value of errno just before calling perror(). If errno has a value of ``0'' then the first string in the list is used and so on.
The calloc, malloc and realloc functions return a pointer to a zero-sized block if the size requested is zero. For calloc and malloc this is different behavior from the behavior of the functions in libmalloc.a which return a NULL on malloc(0).
When the abort function is executed, the buffers of open and temporary files are flushed, all files are closed, and execution returns to the shell.
The exit() function returns the lower byte of its argument to the shell if the value of the argument is other than zero, EXIT_SUCCESS, or EXIT_FAILURE. The shell or the user may interpret this value in any way. Unsuccessful termination is indicated by a return of non-zero. Successful termination is indicated by a return value of zero.
The set of environment names is that set exported by the parent process.
Any UNIX command line that is acceptable to the Bourne Shell can be passed as the string to the system function. The Bourne Shell is assumed to be the command processor and that shell is run as a child process to the program's (that is, parent) process.
The strerror function generates the following messages:
strerror function messages
Number | Message | Error |
---|---|---|
1 | Operation not permitted | EPERM |
2 | No such file or directory | ENOENT |
3 | No such process | ESRCH |
4 | Interrupted system call | EINTR |
5 | I/O error | EIO |
6 | No such device or address | ENXIO |
7 | Arg list too long | E2BIG |
8 | Exec format error | ENOEXEC |
9 | Bad file number | EBADF |
10 | No child processes | ECHILD |
11 | Resource temporarily unavailable | EAGAIN |
12 | Not enough space | ENOMEM |
13 | Permission denied | EACCES |
14 | Bad address | EFAULT |
15 | Block device required | ENOTBLK |
16 | Device busy | EBUSY |
17 | File exists | EEXIST |
18 | Cross-device link | EXDEV |
19 | No such device | ENODEV |
20 | Not a directory | ENOTDIR |
21 | Is a directory | EISDIR |
22 | Invalid argument | EINVAL |
23 | File table overflow | ENFILE |
24 | Too many open files | EMFILE |
25 | Inappropriate I/O control operation | ENOTTY |
26 | Text file busy | ETXTBSY |
27 | File too large | EFBIG |
28 | No space left on device | ENOSPC |
29 | Illegal seek | ESPIPE |
30 | Read-only file system | EROFS |
31 | Too many links | EMLINK |
32 | Broken pipe | EPIPE |
33 | Argument out of domain | EDOM |
34 | Result too large or too small | ERANGE |
35 | No message of desired type | ENOMSG |
36 | Identifier removed | EIDRM |
37 | Channel number out of range | ECHRNG |
38 | Level 2 not synchronized | EL2NSYNC |
39 | Level 3 halted | EL3HLT |
40 | Level 3 reset | EL3RST |
41 | Link number out of range | ELNRNG |
42 | Protocol driver not attached | EUNATCH |
43 | No CSI structure available | ENOCSI |
44 | Level 2 halted | EL2HLT |
45 | Deadlock situation detected/avoided | EDEADLK |
46 | No record locks available | ENOLCK |
50 | Bad exchange descriptor | EBADE |
51 | Bad request descriptor | EBADR |
52 | Message tables full | EXFULL |
53 | Anode table overflow | ENOANO |
54 | Bad request code | EBADRQC |
55 | Invalid slot | EBADSLT |
56 | File locking deadlock | EDEADLOCK |
57 | Bad font file format | EBFONT |
60 | Not a stream device | ENOSTR |
61 | No data available | ENODATA |
62 | Timer expired | ETIME |
63 | Out of stream resources | ENOSR |
64 | Machine is not on the network | ENONET |
65 | Package not installed | ENOPKG |
66 | Object is remote | EREMOTE |
67 | Link has been severed | ENOLINK |
68 | Advertise error | EADV |
69 | Srmount error | ESRMNT |
70 | Communication error on send | ECOMM |
71 | Protocol error | EPROTO |
74 | Multihop attempted | EMULTIHOP |
75 | Inode is remote | ELBIN |
76 | Cross mount point | EDOTDOT |
77 | Not a data message | EBADMSG |
78 | Filename too long | ENAMETOOLONG |
79 | Value too large for defined data type | EOVERFLOW |
80 | Name not unique on network | ENOTUNIQ |
81 | File descriptor in bad state | EBADFD |
82 | Remote address changed | EREMCHG |
83 | Can not access a needed shared library | ELIBACC |
84 | Accessing a corrupted shared library | ELIBBAD |
85 | .lib section in a.out corrupted | ELIBSCN |
86 | Attempting to link in more shared libraries than system limit | ELIBMAX |
87 | Can not exec a shared library directly | ELIBEXEC |
88 | Illegal byte sequence | EILSEQ |
89 | Function not implemented | ENOSYS |
90 | Operation would block | _TCPERR |
91 | Operation now in progress | EINPROGRESS |
92 | Operation already in progress | EALREADY |
93 | Socket operation on non-socket | ENOTSOCK |
94 | Destination address required | EDESTADDRREQ |
95 | Message too long | EMSGSIZE |
96 | Protocol wrong type for socket | EPROTOTYPE |
97 | Protocol not supported | EPROTONOSUPPORT |
98 | Socket type not supported | ESOCKTNOSUPPORT |
99 | Operation not supported on socket | EOPNOTSUPP |
100 | Protocol family not supported | EPFNOSUPPORT |
101 | Address family not supported by protocol family | EAFNOSUPPORT |
102 | Address already in use | EADDRINUSE |
103 | Cannot assign requested address | EADDRNOTAVAIL |
104 | Network is down | ENETDOWN |
105 | Network is unreachable | ENETUNREACH |
106 | Network dropped connection on reset | ENETRESET |
107 | Software caused connection abort | ECONNABORTED |
108 | Connection reset by peer | ECONNRESET |
110 | Socket is already connected | EISCONN |
111 | Socket is not connected | ENOTCONN |
112 | Cannot send after socket shutdown | ESHUTDOWN |
113 | Too many references: cannot splice | ETOOMANYREFS |
114 | Connection timed out | ETIMEDOUT |
115 | Connection refused | ECONNREFUSED |
116 | Host is down | EHOSTDOWN |
117 | No route to host | EHOSTUNREACH |
118 | Protocol not available | ENOPROTOOPT |
135 | Structure needs cleaning | EUCLEAN |
137 | Not a name file | ENOTNAM |
138 | Not available | ENAVAIL |
139 | Is a name file | EISNAM |
140 | Remote I/O error | EREMOTEIO |
141 | Reserved for future use | EINIT |
142 | Unknown error: 142 | EREMDEV |
145 | Directory not empty | ENOTEMPTY |
150 | Too many symbolic links in path | ELOOP |
151 | Stale NFS file handle | ESTALE |
152 | Restartable system call | ERESTART |
153 | No sleeping in stream head of pipe/FIFO | ESTRPIPE |
500 | Unknown error | EIORESID |
The local time zone (with or without daylight savings) is read from an environment variable called TZ at program runtime. That variable assists in interpreting the system clock. If no such environment variable is set the default is to GMT (non-daylight savings time).
The era for the clock function is: January 1 1970 00:00 GMT.